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Ted Nielsen’s Quotations
About the author:
Ted Nielsen ( Ted Nelson), American information technology pioneer, philosopher, and sociologist. Born in 1937, he is the creator of the concepts of “hypertext” and “hypermedia”. In 1960, Project Xanadu was initiated to try to build an ideal hypertext system. The author of “Computer Lib/Dream Machines” (Computer Lib/Dream Machines).
The purpose of computers is to make people free.
——Ted Nielsen, “Computer Freedom”, 1974
dream
< ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;">
Novices always feel that computers can make life more orderly and more convenient. Later they found that the difficulty of learning this system and the disappointment they felt in the process far exceeded their imagination. In the end, they either give up halfway or just give it a taste.
I believe that the original dream is still possible. But it will not be implemented on today’s systems.
Why is the design of video games far better than office software? Because people who develop games like to play games. Those who design office software hope to do other things on weekends.
Someone asked me “What is the difference between “Word Processing” and “Desktop Publishing”?” How would I know? These are marketing terms used in product packaging, and have nothing to do with conceptual cognition and user interests.
Extremely stupid argument-Macintosh and PC dispute< /h3>
-
In my opinion, there is no difference between Macintosh and PC. The interaction of the Macintosh is better, but it has the same conceptual structure as the PC. Both are composed of the PARC user interface (PARC User Interface, PUI) and ordinary hierarchical structure directories (now called “folders”). .
-
Calling a hierarchical structure directory a “folder” is no different from calling a prison guard a “consultant”, and its essence has not really changed. (Zimbado’s prison experiment found that the behavior of prison guards was structured, and the hierarchical structure directory would have a similar effect.)
“Computer Basics “‘S lies
-
They tell you that the file is hierarchical The most basic programs are word processing, databases, and spreadsheets; you have to use “applications”; you have to work hard to process what you really want to do into hierarchical files and open them with “specific applications”.
-
In fact, these statements are mixed with lies. They described the current state of the computer, but did not say what it can be and what it should be.
The myth of “technology”
-
The pan is technology. All man-made objects are technology. But pay attention to the people who use this word. Like words such as “maturity,” “reality,” and “progress,” “technology” also sets an agenda for your behavior: generally calling something “technology” is to make you succumb to it.
-
Hypertext is not technology, but literature. Literature refers to the information that we package and store (in the beginning it was books, newspapers and magazines, now there are movies, sound recordings, CD-ROMs, etc.). The type of literature in the future determines how humans will be recorded and understood. These are not the “technical experts” to worry about.
The myth of “information”
-
The information appears in the form of “packaged” (media package, that is, “document”), Each package has its own point of view. Even a database has its own point of view.
Application Slave
-
The application is a closure function. Your data does not belong to you, it belongs to them. You can’t control the interface, they can. You can only choose among the options they give you. They can change the software, let you buy a new version, and let you endure the inconvenience of learning to adapt to the new version. You probably don’t want to do this, but you can’t change it, you have to learn to live with it.
-
In Unix, you can do almost anything. There is no “app” here. You can start any program and enter any data into it. If you don’t like the results, just throw them away. Computer freedom means that users have such control.
The Tyranny of Documents
-
A file refers to a large amount of data with a fixed name and a fixed location, and its directory may change. Maybe not.
-
When creating, we need software to maintain continuity. The boundaries and names of some creative projects often overlap, change, and connect with each other.
-
We need to keep in touch with the main body of the media content at all times. Media content should be movable at all times, regardless of where it is stored.
The nightmare of hierarchical directory< /h3>
-
The hierarchical structure directory was invented approximately in 1947, and it is now impossible to find a precise invention And time. At that time, someone might ask: “How do we keep track of all the files?” Then someone replied, “Hey, why don’t we create a file with a list of all file names?” The directory was created. The catalog was just a stopgap measure, but it was wrongly developed on a large scale.
-
For ordinary people, real projects tend to overlap, penetrate each other and change continuously. The software wants to confine them to one place and put a fixed name on it, which is extremely stupid.
The stupidity of “metaphors”< /h3>
-
When designing software, you should not consider its similarity to the past, it should have an independent concept Structure, composition in any appropriate shape.
-
Some people want to use the word “metaphor” to summarize all conceptual structures, thereby blurring similar conceptual structures and non-similarity concepts Significant differences between the structures. I disagree. I insist that “metaphor” can only be used to describe the former, and to describe the latter, words such as “abstract hypothesis”, “conceptual structure”, and “construction system” should be used. I think this kind of abstract virtual design is what the software design really does.
“What you see is what you get” sins span>
-
“What you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) really means, “You see What you get is what you printed out.” So this high-sounding slogan is about using the computer as a paper simulator. Simulating paper with a computer screen is what almost all consumer applications are doing. But it’s like unplugging the wing of a Boeing 747 and using it as a bus driving on the road.
-
The real software design will enter the field that paper cannot visualize, and it will break the cage of ideas and presentation forms.
“Cyber-” means “I don’t know what I’m talking about”
-
“Cyber-” (cyber) is from Greece The root of the word “kybernetikos” means “steersman” (helmsman). Norbert Wiener (Norbert Wiener) invented the term “cybernetics” (cybernetics) to describe things that use feedback to make adjustments, such as the use of left and right steering to correct the direction of a bicycle or car. So “cybernetics” actually studies the “control link”, that is, the connection between things and controlled things.
-
But as it is informally cited in various fields of computer, the term cybernetics has caused desperate confusion. People began to start with “cyber-” and created some silly words to describe concepts they didn’t understand. For example, “cyberware” (digital prosthesis), “cyberculture” (digital culture), and “cyberlife” (network life), they have almost no meaning. Since then, the words beginning with “cyber-” generally mean “I don’t understand what I’m talking about, or I’m just fooling and confusing you.”
smart devices, smart clothing, smart chewing gum span>
-
When people talk about “smart controller” and “smart interface”, yes Refers to a certain program installed somewhere. But please don’t reduce the value of the word “smart” and use it hastily on some drives, buffers and low-tech gadgets.
“virtual reality”-a contradictory word
-
As far as I know, the word “virtual reality” was in the 20th century It was invented by a Frenchman in the 1930s. It was promoted by Jaron Lanier and others. It has many problems.
-
The antonym of “virtual” is “reality”-so “virtual reality” is a paradox or contradiction, a bit French, but it has no meaning.
-
According to the current usage, it only refers to three dimensions-but it adds a confusing effect. I think if you mean “three-dimensional interactive graphics”, you should say “three-dimensional interactive graphics”. Instead of causing confusion, pretend to be referring to something broader.
Today’s “graphical user interface”
-
Use the word “graphical user interface”, or “GUI “It is a sad misuse to describe the appearance and control of today’s software.
-
First of all, there can be many other more graphical interfaces. However, the graphical user interfaces of Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and Unix Xwindows are the same (sorted in descending order of stability of performance).
-
All these clumsy and similar interfaces are based on things designed by Xerox PARC in the 1970s. Therefore, they should be called PARC User Interface (PARC User Interface), or PUI.
-
At that time, they were wonderful and innovative things. But now they are outdated, awkward and very limited.
“Interface” and virtuality
-
The usage of the word “interface” is usually wrong. “I don’t like this interface” generally means “I don’t understand what is going on.” This is actually related to the conceptual structure of the program, not to its appearance.
-
When people say “interface”, they usually mean “virtuality”.
-
When you are designing or deciding on a function—usually this is the case—you are designing its conceptual structure and usage experience, or its Virtuality.
World Wide Web
In my opinion, there is no difference between Macintosh and PC. The interaction of the Macintosh is better, but it has the same conceptual structure as the PC. Both are composed of the PARC user interface (PARC User Interface, PUI) and ordinary hierarchical structure directories (now called “folders”). .
Calling a hierarchical structure directory a “folder” is no different from calling a prison guard a “consultant”, and its essence has not really changed. (Zimbado’s prison experiment found that the behavior of prison guards was structured, and the hierarchical structure directory would have a similar effect.)
They tell you that the file is hierarchical The most basic programs are word processing, databases, and spreadsheets; you have to use “applications”; you have to work hard to process what you really want to do into hierarchical files and open them with “specific applications”.
In fact, these statements are mixed with lies. They described the current state of the computer, but did not say what it can be and what it should be.
The pan is technology. All man-made objects are technology. But pay attention to the people who use this word. Like words such as “maturity,” “reality,” and “progress,” “technology” also sets an agenda for your behavior: generally calling something “technology” is to make you succumb to it.
Hypertext is not technology, but literature. Literature refers to the information that we package and store (in the beginning it was books, newspapers and magazines, now there are movies, sound recordings, CD-ROMs, etc.). The type of literature in the future determines how humans will be recorded and understood. These are not the “technical experts” to worry about.
The information appears in the form of “packaged” (media package, that is, “document”), Each package has its own point of view. Even a database has its own point of view.
The application is a closure function. Your data does not belong to you, it belongs to them. You can’t control the interface, they can. You can only choose among the options they give you. They can change the software, let you buy a new version, and let you endure the inconvenience of learning to adapt to the new version. You probably don’t want to do this, but you can’t change it, you have to learn to live with it.
In Unix, you can do almost anything. There is no “app” here. You can start any program and enter any data into it. If you don’t like the results, just throw them away. Computer freedom means that users have such control.
A file refers to a large amount of data with a fixed name and a fixed location, and its directory may change. Maybe not.
When creating, we need software to maintain continuity. The boundaries and names of some creative projects often overlap, change, and connect with each other.
We need to keep in touch with the main body of the media content at all times. Media content should be movable at all times, regardless of where it is stored.
-
The hierarchical structure directory was invented approximately in 1947, and it is now impossible to find a precise invention And time. At that time, someone might ask: “How do we keep track of all the files?” Then someone replied, “Hey, why don’t we create a file with a list of all file names?” The directory was created. The catalog was just a stopgap measure, but it was wrongly developed on a large scale.
-
For ordinary people, real projects tend to overlap, penetrate each other and change continuously. The software wants to confine them to one place and put a fixed name on it, which is extremely stupid.
The stupidity of “metaphors”< /h3>
-
When designing software, you should not consider its similarity to the past, it should have an independent concept Structure, composition in any appropriate shape.
-
Some people want to use the word “metaphor” to summarize all conceptual structures, thereby blurring similar conceptual structures and non-similarity concepts Significant differences between the structures. I disagree. I insist that “metaphor” can only be used to describe the former, and to describe the latter, words such as “abstract hypothesis”, “conceptual structure”, and “construction system” should be used. I think this kind of abstract virtual design is what the software design really does.
“What you see is what you get” sins span>
-
“What you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) really means, “You see What you get is what you printed out.” So this high-sounding slogan is about using the computer as a paper simulator. Simulating paper with a computer screen is what almost all consumer applications are doing. But it’s like unplugging the wing of a Boeing 747 and using it as a bus driving on the road.
-
The real software design will enter the field that paper cannot visualize, and it will break the cage of ideas and presentation forms.
“Cyber-” means “I don’t know what I’m talking about”
-
“Cyber-” (cyber) is from Greece The root of the word “kybernetikos” means “steersman” (helmsman). Norbert Wiener (Norbert Wiener) invented the term “cybernetics” (cybernetics) to describe things that use feedback to make adjustments, such as the use of left and right steering to correct the direction of a bicycle or car. So “cybernetics” actually studies the “control link”, that is, the connection between things and controlled things.
-
But as it is informally cited in various fields of computer, the term cybernetics has caused desperate confusion. People began to start with “cyber-” and created some silly words to describe concepts they didn’t understand. For example, “cyberware” (digital prosthesis), “cyberculture” (digital culture), and “cyberlife” (network life), they have almost no meaning. Since then, the words beginning with “cyber-” generally mean “I don’t understand what I’m talking about, or I’m just fooling and confusing you.”
smart devices, smart clothing, smart chewing gum span>
-
When people talk about “smart controller” and “smart interface”, yes Refers to a certain program installed somewhere. But please don’t reduce the value of the word “smart” and use it hastily on some drives, buffers and low-tech gadgets.
“virtual reality”-a contradictory word
-
As far as I know, the word “virtual reality” was in the 20th century It was invented by a Frenchman in the 1930s. It was promoted by Jaron Lanier and others. It has many problems.
-
The antonym of “virtual” is “reality”-so “virtual reality” is a paradox or contradiction, a bit French, but it has no meaning.
-
According to the current usage, it only refers to three dimensions-but it adds a confusing effect. I think if you mean “three-dimensional interactive graphics”, you should say “three-dimensional interactive graphics”. Instead of causing confusion, pretend to be referring to something broader.
Today’s “graphical user interface”
-
Use the word “graphical user interface”, or “GUI “It is a sad misuse to describe the appearance and control of today’s software.
-
First of all, there can be many other more graphical interfaces. However, the graphical user interfaces of Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and Unix Xwindows are the same (sorted in descending order of stability of performance).
-
All these clumsy and similar interfaces are based on things designed by Xerox PARC in the 1970s. Therefore, they should be called PARC User Interface (PARC User Interface), or PUI.
-
At that time, they were wonderful and innovative things. But now they are outdated, awkward and very limited.
“Interface” and virtuality
-
The usage of the word “interface” is usually wrong. “I don’t like this interface” generally means “I don’t understand what is going on.” This is actually related to the conceptual structure of the program, not to its appearance.
-
When people say “interface”, they usually mean “virtuality”.
-
When you are designing or deciding on a function—usually this is the case—you are designing its conceptual structure and usage experience, or its Virtuality.
World Wide Web
When designing software, you should not consider its similarity to the past, it should have an independent concept Structure, composition in any appropriate shape.
Some people want to use the word “metaphor” to summarize all conceptual structures, thereby blurring similar conceptual structures and non-similarity concepts Significant differences between the structures. I disagree. I insist that “metaphor” can only be used to describe the former, and to describe the latter, words such as “abstract hypothesis”, “conceptual structure”, and “construction system” should be used. I think this kind of abstract virtual design is what the software design really does.
“What you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) really means, “You see What you get is what you printed out.” So this high-sounding slogan is about using the computer as a paper simulator. Simulating paper with a computer screen is what almost all consumer applications are doing. But it’s like unplugging the wing of a Boeing 747 and using it as a bus driving on the road.
The real software design will enter the field that paper cannot visualize, and it will break the cage of ideas and presentation forms.
“Cyber-” (cyber) is from Greece The root of the word “kybernetikos” means “steersman” (helmsman). Norbert Wiener (Norbert Wiener) invented the term “cybernetics” (cybernetics) to describe things that use feedback to make adjustments, such as the use of left and right steering to correct the direction of a bicycle or car. So “cybernetics” actually studies the “control link”, that is, the connection between things and controlled things.
But as it is informally cited in various fields of computer, the term cybernetics has caused desperate confusion. People began to start with “cyber-” and created some silly words to describe concepts they didn’t understand. For example, “cyberware” (digital prosthesis), “cyberculture” (digital culture), and “cyberlife” (network life), they have almost no meaning. Since then, the words beginning with “cyber-” generally mean “I don’t understand what I’m talking about, or I’m just fooling and confusing you.”
When people talk about “smart controller” and “smart interface”, yes Refers to a certain program installed somewhere. But please don’t reduce the value of the word “smart” and use it hastily on some drives, buffers and low-tech gadgets.
As far as I know, the word “virtual reality” was in the 20th century It was invented by a Frenchman in the 1930s. It was promoted by Jaron Lanier and others. It has many problems.
The antonym of “virtual” is “reality”-so “virtual reality” is a paradox or contradiction, a bit French, but it has no meaning.
According to the current usage, it only refers to three dimensions-but it adds a confusing effect. I think if you mean “three-dimensional interactive graphics”, you should say “three-dimensional interactive graphics”. Instead of causing confusion, pretend to be referring to something broader.
Use the word “graphical user interface”, or “GUI “It is a sad misuse to describe the appearance and control of today’s software.
First of all, there can be many other more graphical interfaces. However, the graphical user interfaces of Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and Unix Xwindows are the same (sorted in descending order of stability of performance).
All these clumsy and similar interfaces are based on things designed by Xerox PARC in the 1970s. Therefore, they should be called PARC User Interface (PARC User Interface), or PUI.
At that time, they were wonderful and innovative things. But now they are outdated, awkward and very limited.
The usage of the word “interface” is usually wrong. “I don’t like this interface” generally means “I don’t understand what is going on.” This is actually related to the conceptual structure of the program, not to its appearance.
When people say “interface”, they usually mean “virtuality”.
When you are designing or deciding on a function—usually this is the case—you are designing its conceptual structure and usage experience, or its Virtuality.
< ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;">
The World Wide Web is the biggest concession that a “sequence-level architecture” chauvinist can make to hypertext.
Trying to fix HTML is like trying to put hands and feet on a hamburger.
The Shangdu plan is not to “unsuccessfully invent HTML”. On the contrary, we have been trying to prevent HTML: its links are easy to fail and can only be linked out in one direction. Its citations cannot be traced back to the source, it does not have a version management system, and it does not have a copyright management system.
The concept of “browser” is extremely stupid-it wants to present a huge parallel structure in sequence in a window. It does not effectively demonstrate this structure.
Translator: Linqin
This article is translated and compiled from Ted Nelsons Computer Paradigm, Expressed as One-Liners, abridged.
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◆
Ted Nielsen’s Quotations
About the author:
Ted Nielsen ( Ted Nelson), American information technology pioneer, philosopher, and sociologist. Born in 1937, he is the creator of the concepts of “hypertext” and “hypermedia”. In 1960, Project Xanadu was initiated to try to build an ideal hypertext system. The author of “Computer Lib/Dream Machines” (Computer Lib/Dream Machines).
The purpose of computers is to make people free.
——Ted Nielsen, “Computer Freedom”, 1974
dream
< ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;">
Novices always feel that computers can make life more orderly and more convenient. Later they found that the difficulty of learning this system and the disappointment they felt in the process far exceeded their imagination. In the end, they either give up halfway or just give it a taste.
我相信最初的梦想仍是有可能实现的。不过它不会在今天的系统上实现。
为什么电子游戏的设计远比办公软件好？因为开发游戏的人喜欢玩游戏。而设计办公软件的人则希望在周末能干些别的事情。
有人问我「『文字处理』与『桌面出版』的区别是什么？」我怎么会知道？这些是用在商品包装上的营销术语，与概念认知和用户利益无关。
极其愚蠢的争论——Macintosh 和 PC 之争
-
在我看来，Macintosh 和 PC 没有差别。 Macintosh 的交互做得更好，但是它和 PC 都是一样的概念结构，都是由 PARC 用户界面（PARC User Interface, PUI）与普通的层级架构目录（即如今所说的「文件夹」）组成。
-
把一个层级架构目录称为「文件夹」与把一位监狱看守称为「咨询师」没什么两样，其本质都没有真正改变。 （津巴多的监狱实验发现监狱看守的行为是结构化的，层级架构目录也会产生类似的效果。）
「计算机基础」的谎言
-
他们告诉你文件是分层级的；最基础的程序就是文字处理、数据库与电子表格；你必须使用「应用」；你必须费力地把自己真正想做的事处理成层级架构的文件，用「特定的应用」打开它们。
-
实际上，这些陈述都夹杂着谎言。他们描述了计算机的现况，但没说它可以是什么样，又应该是什么样。
「技术」的迷思
-
平底锅是技术。所有人造物都是技术。但是要注意使用这个词的人。就像「成熟」、「现实」与「进步」等词，「技术」也给你的行为设置了一个议程：一般称某物为「技术」，是想让你向它屈服。
-
超文本不是技术，是文学。文学是指那些我们包装并存储的信息（一开始是书籍、报纸和杂志，现在还有电影、录音、CD-ROM 等）。未来的文学类型决定了人类将被如何记录和理解。这些还轮不到「技术专家」来操心。
「信息」的迷思
-
信息都以「打包」的方式出现（媒体包，即「文档」），每个包都有自己的观点。甚至一个数据库也有自己的观点。
应用的奴隶
-
应用是一个闭包函数。你的数据不属于你，属于他们。你不能控制界面，他们可以。你只能在他们给你的选项中做选择。他们能改变软件，让你买新的版本，让你忍受学习适应新版本的不便。你很可能不想这么做，但是你无法改变，你必须学着与它共处。
-
在 Unix 里，你几乎可以做任何事情。这里没有「应用」。你可以启动任何程序，向其中输入任何数据。如果你不喜欢这个结果，扔掉它们即可。计算机自由就意味着用户拥有这样的控制权。
文件的暴政
-
文件是指一大堆有固定名字与固定位置的数据，它的目录可能会改变，也可能不会。
-
在创作的时候，我们需要软件来保持连续性。有些创作项目的边界与名称时常重复交叠、变更且相互联系。
-
我们需要时刻与媒体内容的主体保持联系。媒体内容应当时刻都可以移动，而不用去顾及存储在哪里。
层级架构目录的噩梦
-
层级架构目录大约是在 1947 年发明的，现在不太可能找出精确的发明者和时间。当时可能有人问：「我们该如何跟踪所有的文件呢？」然后有人回答说：「咦，我们为什么不创造一个文件，里面是所有文件名组成的列表呢？」目录就这样产生了。目录只是个权宜之计，但是错误地大规模发展了。
-
对普通人来说，真正的项目倾向于重复交叠、相互渗透并持续改变。而软件想把它们局限在一个地方，安上一个固定的名字，这种做法愚蠢至极。
「隐喻」的愚蠢
-
设计软件时不应考虑它与过去事物的相似性，它应该有独立的概念结构，以任何适当的形状的组成。
-
有些人想要用「隐喻」（metaphor）这个词来概括所有的概念结构，借此模糊有相似性的概念结构与无相似性的概念结构之间的显著区别。我并不同意。我坚持认为「隐喻」只能用于形容前者，而要描述后者就要用」抽象虚拟」、「概念结构」、「构建系统」这类词。我认为这种抽象虚拟的设计才是软件设计真正要做的事。
「所见即所得」的罪错
-
「所见即所得」（WYSIWYG）真正的意思是，「你看到的就是你打印出来的样子」。所以这句冠冕堂皇的口号说的是把计算机当作一个纸张模拟器来用。用电脑屏幕模拟纸张，就是几乎所有的消费级应用正在做的事。但这就像拔掉波音 747 的机翼，把它当公共汽车在公路上开一样。
-
真正的软件设计将走进纸张无法视觉化的领域，它将打破思想和展示形式的牢笼。
「Cyber-」指「我不知道我在讲什么」
-
「Cyber-」（赛博）源自希腊语「kybernetikos」的词根，意为「舵手」（steersman）。诺伯特·维纳（Norbert Wiener）发明了「cybernetics」（控制论）这个词，用它来描述利用反馈来做调整的事物，比如利用左右转向来纠正自行车或汽车的方向。所以「控制论」实际上研究的是「控制链接」，即事物与控制事物之间的连接方式。
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但是随着它被非正式地引用至计算机的各个领域，控制论这个词引起了令人绝望的混乱。人们开始用「cyber-」开头，创造出一些愚蠢的词汇，用来描述一些他们不懂的概念。比如「cyberware」（数码假肢）、「cyberculture」（数字文化）、「cyberlife」（网络生活），它们几乎没有任何意义。从那之后，一般而言由「cyber-」开头的词的意思是「我不懂我在说什么，或者是我只是在愚弄和迷惑你」。
智能设备、智能服装、智能口香糖
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当人们谈到「智能控制器」、「智能界面」时，是指某个地方安装有某种程序。但请不要降低「智能」这个词的价值，把它草率地用在一些驱动器、缓存器和低技术含量的小玩意上。
「虚拟现实」——一个矛盾的词
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据我所知，「虚拟现实」这个词是在 20 世纪 30 年代由一位法国人发明的。并由杰伦·拉尼尔（Jaron Lanier）等人推广开的。它有不少问题。
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「虚拟」的反义词是「现实」——因此「虚拟现实」是个悖论或者说矛盾词，有点法国味，不过它没什么意义。
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按照现在的用法，它只是指三维——但是增加了迷惑性。我认为，如果你的意思是「三维的交互式图形」，你就应该说「三维的交互式图形」。而不要引起混乱，假装是在指意义更宽泛的事物。
如今的「图形用户界面」
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用「图形用户界面」（graphical user interface）这个词，或者说「GUI」，用来描述如今的软件外观与控制，是一个悲伤的误用。
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首先，可以有许多其它更加图形化的界面。但是 Macintosh、微软 Windows 和 Unix 的 Xwindows 的图形用户界面是相同的（按性能表现的平稳性降序排列）。
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所有这些笨拙、相似的界面都是基于 20 世纪 70 年代施乐 PARC 设计出来的东西。因此，它们应该被叫做 PARC 用户界面（PARC User Interface），或者 PUI。
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在那个时候，它们是美妙的、创新的东西。不过现在它们过时了，笨拙且局限性很大。
「界面」与虚拟性
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「界面」这个词的用法通常是错的。 「我不喜欢这个界面」一般是指「我根本不理解到底发生了什么」。而这个其实与程序的概念结构有关，与它的外观无关。
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当人们说「界面」的时候，通常指的是「虚拟性」。
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当你在设计或者决定一个功能的时候——通常就是这种情况——你是在设计它的概念结构和使用感受，或者说它的虚拟性。
万维网
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万维网是一个「序列-层级架构」沙文主义者对超文本可做出的最大让步。
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试图修复 HTML 就像试图给汉堡包安上手和脚。
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上都计划并非「没有成功地发明 HTML」，恰好相反，我们一直在试图阻止 HTML：它的链接容易失效且只能单向链出，它的引文无法追溯源头，它没有版本管理系统，也没有版权管理系统。
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「浏览器」这个概念极其愚蠢——它想在一个窗口里按顺序呈现一个巨大的平行结构。它并不能有效地展示这个结构。
译者：林沁
本文翻译整理自 Ted Nelsons Computer Paradigm, Expressed as One-Liners，有删节。
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