Introduction to selenium
Selenium is a tool for automated testing of web applications. Selenium tests run directly in the browser, just like a real user is operating. Supported browsers include IE (7, 8, 9, 10, 11), Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Google Chrome, Opera, etc.
The main functions include: test compatibility with the browser-test your application to see if it can work well on different browsers and operating systems.
Test system functions-create regression tests to verify software functions and user requirements. Support automatic recording actions and automatic generation of test scripts in different languages such as .Net, Java, Perl (here mainly for selenium ide)
Selenium History
In 2004, Selenium Core was born , Selenium Core is a browser-based testing tool that uses the JavaScript programming language. It runs in the browser’s security sandbox. The design concept is to deploy the product to be tested, Selenium Core and test scripts to the same server to complete automated testing. jobs.
In 2005, Selenium RC was born, which is selenium1. At this time, Selenium Core is actually the core of Selenium RC.
Selenium RC allows the product to be tested, Selenium Core and test scripts to be scattered on different servers. (The test script only cares about sending the HTTP request to the specified URL. Selenium itself does not need to care about what programming language the HTTP request is written in.)
Selenium RC consists of two parts: one is Selenium RC Server, One is to provide client-side drivers in various programming languages to write test scripts
In 2007, Webdriver was born. The design concept of WebDriver is to separate end-to-end testing from the underlying specific test tools, and use design Pattern Adapter adapter to achieve the goal. The API organization of WebDriver is more object-oriented.
08/09, selenium2 was born. Selenium2 is actually a merger of selenium rc and webdriver. The root cause of the merger is to complement each other’s shortcomings.
In 2009, selenium3 was born. This version Excluding selenium rc, it is mainly composed of selenium webdriver and selenium Grid. What we use daily is actually selenium webdriver. As for selenium grid, it is a distributed tool for automated testing.
So today we will talk about selenium3 The working principle of (selenium webdriver), hereinafter referred to as selenium (the above specific time may not be accurate, I also learned through the network information, throw a brick to attract jade ^-^)
selenium principle
We use Selenium to achieve automated testing, which mainly requires three things
1. Test scripts, which can be scripts written in python or java (also called client-side)
2. Browse Driver, this driver is developed based on different browsers. Different browsers use different webdriver drivers and need to correspond to the corresponding browser version, such as: geckodriver.exe(chrome)
3. Browser, currently Selenium supports most browsers on the market, such as: Firefox, Google, IE, etc.
Selenium script
Look at a simple code first
"""
------------------------------------
@Time: 2019/6/29 8:16
@Auth: linux super
@File: seleniumWebdriver.py
@IDE: PyCharm
@Motto: Real warriors,dare to face the bleak warning,dare to face the incisive error!
@QQ: [email protected]
@GROUP: 878565760
------------------------------------
"""
from selenium import webdriver
dr = webdriver.Chrome() # Open the browser
Execute the above code, we will find that the program opens the Chrome browser (premise: you have correctly configured the chrome driver and corresponding version)
Then selenium is How to achieve this process? Ok, today we will understand the working principle of selenium by analyzing the source code.
Source code analysis
View the source code of weddriver (hold down the Ctrl key and click on Chrome with the mouse)
< p>C:\Python36\Lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\chrome\webdriver.py
1 class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
2 """
3 Controls the ChromeDriver and allows you to drive the browser.
4
5 You will need to download the ChromeDriver executable from
6 http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index .html
7 """
8
9 def __init__(self, executable_path="chromedriver", port=0,
10 options=None, service_args=None,
11 desired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None,
12 chrome_options=None, keep_alive=True):
13 """
14 Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.
15
16 Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.
17
18 :Args:
19 -executable_path-path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is in the $PATH
20 -port-port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
21 -options-this takes an instance of ChromeOptions
22 -service_args-List of args to pass to the driver service
23 -desired_capabilities-Dictionary object with non-browser specific
24 capabilities only, such as "proxy" or "loggingPref".
25 -service_log_path-Where to log information from the driver.
26 -chrome_options-Deprecated argument for options
27 -keep_alive-Whether to configure ChromeRemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive .
28 """
29 if chrome_options:
30 warnings.warn('use options instead of chrome_options',
31 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
32 options = chrome_options
33
34 if options is None:
35 # desired_capabilities stays as passed in
36 if desired_capabilities is None:
37 desired_capabilities = self.create_options().to_capabilities()
38 else:
39 if desired_capabilities is None:
40 desired_capabilities = options.to_capabilities()
41 else:
42 desired_capabilities.update(options.to_capabilities())
43
44 self.service = Service(
45 executable_path,
46 port=port,
47 service_args=service_args,
48 log_path=service_log_path)
49 self.service.start()
50
51 try :
52 RemoteWebDriver.__init__(
53 self,
54 command_executor=ChromeRemoteConnection(
55 remote_server_addr=self.service.service_url,
56 keep_alive=keep_alive),
57 desired_capabilities=desired_capabilities)
58 except Exception:
59 self.quit()
60 raise
61 self._is_remote = False
It is found through lines 44-49 in the source code that one is initialized service object, and then call the start() method, then we continue to look at the next 49 lines of start() method to achieve what function?
C:\Python36\Lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\common\service.py
1 def start(self):
2 """
3 Starts the Service.
4
5 :Exceptions:
6 -WebDriverException: Raised either when it can’t start the service
7 or when it can‘t connect to the service
8 """
9 try :
10 cmd = [self.path]
11 cmd.extend(self.command_line_args())
12 self.process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, env=self .env,
13 close_fds=platform.system() != 'Windows',
14 stdout=self.log_file,
15 stderr=self.log_file,
16 stdin=PIPE)
17 except TypeError:
18 raise
19 except OSError as err:
20 if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
21 raise WebDriverException(
22 "'%s' executable needs to be in PATH. %s" % (
23 os.path.basename(self.path), self. start_error_message)
24 )
25 elif err.errno == errno.EACCES:
26 raise WebDriverException(
27 "'%s' executable may have wrong permissions. %s" % (
28 os.path.basename(self.path), self. start_error_message)
29 )
30 else:
31 raise
32 except Exception as e:
33 raise WebDriverException(
34 "The executable %s needs to be available in the path. %s\n%s"%
35 (os.path.basename(self.path), self.start_error_message, str (e)))
36 count = 0
37 while True:
38 self.assert_process_still_running()
39 if self.is_connectable():
40 break
41 count += 1
42 time.sleep(1)
43 if count == 30:
44 raise WebDriverException("Can not connect to the Service %s"% self.path)
We found that lines 9-16 actually executed a cmd command. The function of the command is to start the chromedriver.exe Chrome browser driver
Here we need to pay attention to one thing: the downloaded browser driver must be configured in the environment variable, or placed in the root directory of python, so that the program can find it when the driver is executed
This process is with us Manually starting the browser driver has the same effect, similar to the following result
After starting the driver, bind the port number 9515 and only allow local access to this service. In fact, we can check our local computer task manager, and indeed a service process program is opened
We already know the first step Executing the test script webdriver.Chrome() will automatically execute the chromedriver.exe driver, and then start a process
How to open the browser
Let’s continue to look at the source code C:\Python36\Lib\ The 51-57 lines of code in site-packages\selenium\webdriver\chrome\webdriver.py call the initialization method of the parent class RemoteWebDriver. What does this method do?
C:\Python36\Lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\webdriver.py
1 class WebDriver(object):
2 """
3 Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
4 This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol
5 as defined at
6 https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki /JsonWireProtocol
7
8 :Attributes:
9 -session_id-String ID of the browser session started and controlled by this WebDriver.
10 -capabilities-Dictionaty of effective capabilities of this browser session as returned
11 by the remote server. See https://github.com /SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/DesiredCapabilities
12 -command_executor-remote_connection.RemoteConnection object used to execute commands.
13 -error_handler-errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to handle errors.
14 """
15
16 _web_element_cls = WebElement
17
18 def __init__(self, command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd /hub',
19 desired_capabilities=None, browser_profile=None, proxy=None,
20 keep_alive=False, file_detector=None, options=None):
21 """
22 Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
23
24 :Args:
25 -command_executor-Either a string representing URL of the remote server or a custom
26 remote_connection.RemoteConnection object. Defaults to'http://127.0 .0.1:4444/wd/hub'.
27 -desired_capabilities-A dictionary of capabilities to request when
28 starting the browser session. Required parameter.
29 -browser_profile-A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object.
30 Only used if Firefox is requested. Optional.
31 -proxy-A selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy object. The browser session will
32 be started with given proxy settings, if possible. Optional.
33 -keep_alive-Whether to configure remote_connection.RemoteConnection to use
34 HTTP keep-alive. Defaults to False.
35 -file_detector-Pass custom file detector object during instantiation. If None ,
36 then default LocalFileDetector() will be used.
37 -options-instance of a driver options.Options class
38 """
39 capabilities = {}
40 if options is not None:
41 capabilities = options.to_capabilities()
42 if desired_capabilities is not None:
43 if not isinstance(desired_capabilities, dict):
44 raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities must be a dictionary" )
45 else:
46 capabilities.update(desired_capabilities)
47 if proxy is not None:
48 warnings.warn("Please use FirefoxOptions to set proxy",
49 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
50 proxy.add_to_capabilities(capabilities)
51 self.command_executor = command_executor
52 if type(self.command_executor) is bytes or isinstance(self.command_executor , str):
53 self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor, keep_alive=keep_alive)
54 self._is_remote = True
55 self.session_id = None
56 self.capabilities = {}
57 self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
58 self.start_client()
59 if browser_profile is not None:
60 warnings.warn("Please use FirefoxOptions to set browser profile",
61 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
62 self.start_session(capabilities, browser_profile)
63 self._switch_to = SwitchTo(self)
64 self._mobile = Mobile(self)
65 self.file_detector = file_detector or LocalFileDetector()
Here is the most important line of code, 62 lines of self.start_session(capabilities, browser_profile) This method, continue to look at this method What did the source code do?
1 def start_session(self, capabilities, browser_profile=None):
2 """
3 Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
4
5 :Args:
6 -browser_name-The name of the browser to request.
7 - version - Which browser version to request.
8 - platform - Which platform to request the browser on.
9 - javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
10 - browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
11 """
12 if not isinstance(capabilities, dict):
13 raise InvalidArgumentException("Capabilities must be a dictionary")
14 if browser_profile:
15 if "moz:firefoxOptions" in capabilities:
16 capabilities["moz:firefoxOptions"]["profile"] = browser_profile.encoded
17 else:
18 capabilities.update({‘firefox_profile‘: browser_profile.encoded})
19 w3c_caps = _make_w3c_caps(capabilities)
20 parameters = {"capabilities": w3c_caps,
21 "desiredCapabilities": capabilities}
22 response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, parameters)
23 if ‘sessionId‘ not in response:
24 response = response[‘value‘]
25 self.session_id = response[‘sessionId‘]
26 self.capabilities = response.get(‘value‘)
27
28 # if capabilities is none we are probably speaking to
29 # a W3C endpoint
30 if self.capabilities is None:
31 self.capabilities = response.get(‘capabilities‘)
32
33 # Double check to see if we have a W3C Compliant browser
34 self.w3c = response.get(‘status‘) is None
35 self.command_executor.w3c = self.w3c
分析这部分源码可以发现22行是向地址localhost:9515/session发送了一个post请求，参数是json格式的，然后返回特定的响应信息给程序(这里主要就是新建了一个sessionid)，最终打开了浏览器
ok，打开浏览器的操作完成了
如何执行对应操作
查看C:\Python36\Lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\chrome\webdriver.py源码(第一个源码中的51-57行)
51 try:
52 RemoteWebDriver.__init__(
53 self,
54 command_executor=ChromeRemoteConnection(
55 remote_server_addr=self.service.service_url,
56 keep_alive=keep_alive),
57 desired_capabilities=desired_capabilities)
点击ChromeRemoteConnection查看一下源码
1 from selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection import RemoteConnection
2
3
4 class ChromeRemoteConnection(RemoteConnection):
5
6 def __init__(self, remote_server_addr, keep_alive=True):
7 RemoteConnection.__init__(self, remote_server_addr, keep_alive)
8 self._commands["launchApp"] = (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/chromium/launch_app‘)
9 self._commands["setNetworkConditions"] = (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/chromium/network_conditions‘)
10 self._commands["getNetworkConditions"] = (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/chromium/network_conditions‘)
11 self._commands[‘executeCdpCommand‘] = (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/goog/cdp/execute‘)
第7行访问的是localhost:9515/session地址，第8-11行，定义了一些和我们使用的浏览器(chrome)特有的接口地址，我们再看一下父类RemoteConnection里面源码
C:\Python36\Lib\site-packages\selenium\webdriver\remote\remote_connection.py:RemoteConnection
1 self._commands = {
2 Command.STATUS: (‘GET‘, ‘/status‘),
3 Command.NEW_SESSION: (‘POST‘, ‘/session‘),
4 Command.GET_ALL_SESSIONS: (‘GET‘, ‘/sessions‘),
5 Command.QUIT: (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId‘),
6 Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
7 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window_handle‘),
8 Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
9 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window‘),
10 Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
11 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window_handles‘),
12 Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
13 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/handles‘),
14 Command.GET: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/url‘),
15 Command.GO_FORWARD: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/forward‘),
16 Command.GO_BACK: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/back‘),
17 Command.REFRESH: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/refresh‘),
18 Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute‘),
19 Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT:
20 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute/sync‘),
21 Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC:
22 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute/async‘),
23 Command.GET_CURRENT_URL: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/url‘),
24 Command.GET_TITLE: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/title‘),
25 Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/source‘),
26 Command.SCREENSHOT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/screenshot‘),
27 Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/screenshot‘),
28 Command.FIND_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element‘),
29 Command.FIND_ELEMENTS: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/elements‘),
30 Command.W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/active‘),
31 Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT:
32 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/active‘),
33 Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT:
34 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/element‘),
35 Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS:
36 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/elements‘),
37 Command.CLICK_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/click‘),
38 Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/clear‘),
39 Command.SUBMIT_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/submit‘),
40 Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/text‘),
41 Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT:
42 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value‘),
43 Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ACTIVE_ELEMENT:
44 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/keys‘),
45 Command.UPLOAD_FILE: (‘POST‘, "/session/$sessionId/file"),
46 Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE:
47 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value‘),
48 Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME:
49 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/name‘),
50 Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
51 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected‘),
52 Command.SET_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
53 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected‘),
54 Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED:
55 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/enabled‘),
56 Command.IS_ELEMENT_DISPLAYED:
57 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/displayed‘),
58 Command.GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION:
59 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location‘),
60 Command.GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION_ONCE_SCROLLED_INTO_VIEW:
61 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location_in_view‘),
62 Command.GET_ELEMENT_SIZE:
63 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/size‘),
64 Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT:
65 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/rect‘),
66 Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE:
67 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/attribute/$name‘),
68 Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY:
69 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/property/$name‘),
70 Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie‘),
71 Command.ADD_COOKIE: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie‘),
72 Command.GET_COOKIE: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name‘),
73 Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES:
74 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie‘),
75 Command.DELETE_COOKIE:
76 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name‘),
77 Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/frame‘),
78 Command.SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/frame/parent‘),
79 Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window‘),
80 Command.CLOSE: (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window‘),
81 Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY:
82 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/css/$propertyName‘),
83 Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT:
84 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/timeouts/implicit_wait‘),
85 Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute_async‘),
86 Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT:
87 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/timeouts/async_script‘),
88 Command.SET_TIMEOUTS:
89 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/timeouts‘),
90 Command.DISMISS_ALERT:
91 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/dismiss_alert‘),
92 Command.W3C_DISMISS_ALERT:
93 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/dismiss‘),
94 Command.ACCEPT_ALERT:
95 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/accept_alert‘),
96 Command.W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT:
97 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/accept‘),
98 Command.SET_ALERT_VALUE:
99 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert_text‘),
100 Command.W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE:
101 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/text‘),
102 Command.GET_ALERT_TEXT:
103 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert_text‘),
104 Command.W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT:
105 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/text‘),
106 Command.SET_ALERT_CREDENTIALS:
107 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/credentials‘),
108 Command.CLICK:
109 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/click‘),
110 Command.W3C_ACTIONS:
111 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/actions‘),
112 Command.W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS:
113 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/actions‘),
114 Command.DOUBLE_CLICK:
115 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/doubleclick‘),
116 Command.MOUSE_DOWN:
117 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/buttondown‘),
118 Command.MOUSE_UP:
119 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/buttonup‘),
120 Command.MOVE_TO:
121 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/moveto‘),
122 Command.GET_WINDOW_SIZE:
123 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/size‘),
124 Command.SET_WINDOW_SIZE:
125 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/size‘),
126 Command.GET_WINDOW_POSITION:
127 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/position‘),
128 Command.SET_WINDOW_POSITION:
129 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/position‘),
130 Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT:
131 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/rect‘),
132 Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT:
133 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/rect‘),
134 Command.MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
135 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/maximize‘),
136 Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
137 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/maximize‘),
138 Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
139 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/orientation‘),
140 Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
141 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/orientation‘),
142 Command.SINGLE_TAP:
143 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/click‘),
144 Command.TOUCH_DOWN:
145 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/down‘),
146 Command.TOUCH_UP:
147 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/up‘),
148 Command.TOUCH_MOVE:
149 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/move‘),
150 Command.TOUCH_SCROLL:
151 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/scroll‘),
152 Command.DOUBLE_TAP:
153 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/doubleclick‘),
154 Command.LONG_PRESS:
155 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/longclick‘),
156 Command.FLICK:
157 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/flick‘),
158 Command.EXECUTE_SQL:
159 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute_sql‘),
160 Command.GET_LOCATION:
161 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/location‘),
162 Command.SET_LOCATION:
163 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/location‘),
164 Command.GET_APP_CACHE:
165 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/application_cache‘),
166 Command.GET_APP_CACHE_STATUS:
167 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/application_cache/status‘),
168 Command.CLEAR_APP_CACHE:
169 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/application_cache/clear‘),
170 Command.GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
171 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/network_connection‘),
172 Command.SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
173 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/network_connection‘),
174 Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
175 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage/key/$key‘),
176 Command.REMOVE_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
177 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage/key/$key‘),
178 Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEYS:
179 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage‘),
180 Command.SET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
181 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage‘),
182 Command.CLEAR_LOCAL_STORAGE:
183 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage‘),
184 Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_SIZE:
185 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage/size‘),
186 Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
187 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage/key/$key‘),
188 Command.REMOVE_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
189 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage/key/$key‘),
190 Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_KEYS:
191 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage‘),
192 Command.SET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
193 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage‘),
194 Command.CLEAR_SESSION_STORAGE:
195 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage‘),
196 Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_SIZE:
197 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage/size‘),
198 Command.GET_LOG:
199 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/log‘),
200 Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES:
201 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/log/types‘),
202 Command.CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE:
203 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/context‘),
204 Command.CONTEXT_HANDLES:
205 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/contexts‘),
206 Command.SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT:
207 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/context‘),
208 Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW:
209 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/fullscreen‘),
210 Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW:
211 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/minimize‘)
212 }
这个类里面定义了所有的selenium操作需要的接口地址(这些接口地址全部封装在浏览器驱动程序中)，那么所有的浏览器操作就是通过访问这些接口来实现的
其中 Command.GET: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/url‘) 这个地址就是实现访问一个网址的url ，我们先记录一下后面有用
ok，所有的操作对应接口地址我们知道了，那么又怎样执行这些接口来达到在浏览器上实现各种操作呢？继续看紧接着接口地址定义下面的源码
1 def execute(self, command, params):
2 """
3 Send a command to the remote server.
4
5 Any path subtitutions required for the URL mapped to the command should be
6 included in the command parameters.
7
8 :Args:
9 - command - A string specifying the command to execute.
10 - params - A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command as
11 its JSON payload.
12 """
13 command_info = self._commands[command]
14 assert command_info is not None, ‘Unrecognised command %s‘ % command
15 path = string.Template(command_info[1]).substitute(params)
16 if hasattr(self, ‘w3c‘) and self.w3c and isinstance(params, dict) and ‘sessionId‘ in params:
17 del params[‘sessionId‘]
18 data = utils.dump_json(params)
19 url = ‘%s%s‘ % (self._url, path)
20 return self._request(command_info[0], url, body=data)
21
22 def _request(self, method, url, body=None):
23 """
24 Send an HTTP request to the remote server.
25
26 :Args:
27 - method - A string for the HTTP method to send the request with.
28 - url - A string for the URL to send the request to.
29 - body - A string for request body. Ignored unless method is POST or PUT.
30
31 :Returns:
32 A dictionary with the server‘s parsed JSON response.
33 """
34 LOGGER.debug(‘%s %s %s‘ % (method, url, body))
35
36 parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
37 headers = self.get_remote_connection_headers(parsed_url, self.keep_alive)
38 resp = None
39 if body and method != ‘POST‘ and method != ‘PUT‘:
40 body = None
41
42 if self.keep_alive:
43 resp = self._conn.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
44
45 statuscode = resp.status
46 else:
47 http = urllib3.PoolManager(timeout=self._timeout)
48 resp = http.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
49
50 statuscode = resp.status
51 if not hasattr(resp, ‘getheader‘):
52 if hasattr(resp.headers, ‘getheader‘):
53 resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.getheader(x)
54 elif hasattr(resp.headers, ‘get‘):
55 resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.get(x)
56
57 data = resp.data.decode(‘UTF-8‘)
58 try:
59 if 300 <= statuscode < 304:
60 return self._request(‘GET‘, resp.getheader(‘location‘))
61 if 399 < statuscode <= 500:
62 return {‘status‘: statuscode, ‘value‘: data}
63 content_type = []
64 if resp.getheader(‘Content-Type‘) is not None:
65 content_type = resp.getheader(‘Content-Type‘).split(‘;‘)
66 if not any([x.startswith(‘image/png‘) for x in content_type]):
67
68 try:
69 data = utils.load_json(data.strip())
70 except ValueError:
71 if 199 < statuscode < 300:
72 status = ErrorCode.SUCCESS
73 else:
74 status = ErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR
75 return {‘status‘: status, ‘value‘: data.strip()}
76
77 # Some of the drivers incorrectly return a response
78 # with no ‘value‘ field when they should return null.
79 if ‘value‘ not in data:
80 data[‘value‘] = None
81 return data
82 else:
83 data = {‘status‘: 0, ‘value‘: data}
84 return data
85 finally:
86 LOGGER.debug("Finished Request")
87 resp.close()
可以看到主要是通过execute方法调用_request方法通过urilib3标准库向服务器发送对应操作请求地址，进而实现了浏览器各种操作
有人会问打开浏览器和操作浏览器实现各种动作是怎么关联的呢？
其实，打开浏览器也是发送请求，请求会返回一个sessionid，后面操作的各种接口地址，你也会发现接口地址中存在一个变量$sessionid，那么不难猜测打开浏览器和操作浏览器就是用过sessionid关联到一起，达到在同一个浏览器中做操作
第二步在浏览其上实现各种操作原理也完成了
模拟selenium
现在我们可以通过下面的一段代码查看一下打开浏览器和访问我的博客首页的请求参数是什么样子的
"""
------------------------------------
@Time : 2019/6/29 9:16
@Auth : linux超
@File : seleniumWebdriver.py
@IDE : PyCharm
@Motto: Real warriors,dare to face the bleak warning,dare to face the incisive error!
@QQ : [email protected]
@GROUP: 878565760
------------------------------------
"""
from selenium import webdriver
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) # 打印源码中的日志
dr = webdriver.Chrome() # 打开浏览器
driver.get("https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/") # 访问我的博客首页
输出日志信息
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:POST http://127.0.0.1:55695/session
{"capabilities": {"firstMatch": [{}], "alwaysMatch": {"browserName": "chrome", "platformName": "any", "goog:chromeOptions":
{"extensions": [], "args": []}}}, "desiredCapabilities": {"browserName": "chrome", "version": "", "platform": "ANY",
"goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [], "args": []}}}
DEBUG:urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTP connection (1): 127.0.0.1
DEBUG:urllib3.connectionpool:http://127.0.0.1:55695 "POST /session HTTP/1.1" 200 830
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:Finished Request
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:POST http://127.0.0.1:51006/session/09d52393b7dfcb45b8bb9101885ce206/url
{"url": "https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/", "sessionId": "09d52393b7dfcb45b8bb9101885ce206"}
DEBUG:urllib3.connectionpool:http://127.0.0.1:51006 "POST /session/09d52393b7dfcb45b8bb9101885ce206/url HTTP/1.1" 200 72
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:Finished Request
Process finished with exit code 0
通过执行结果就很明显明白selenium执行的过程了，程序告诉RemoteWebDriver打开一个浏览器(发送post请求，带上请求参数)，然后再向remote server发送执行浏览器动作的请求
那么为了更加深入理解selenium实现自动化测试的过程，我们可以自己编写程序模拟一下打开浏览器然后控制浏览器访问我的博客地址的操作过程
首先我们需要保持浏览器的驱动程序打开状态，然后编写如下代码并执行
"""
------------------------------------
@Time : 2019/6/28 8:52
@Auth : linux超
@File : test.py
@IDE : PyCharm
@Motto: Real warriors,dare to face the bleak warning,dare to face the incisive error!
@QQ : [email protected]
@GROUP: 878565760
------------------------------------
"""
import requests
# 请求地址(打开浏览器)
driver_url = ‘http://localhost:9515/session‘
# 打开浏览器的请求参数
driver_value = {"capabilities":
{"firstMatch": [{}],
"alwaysMatch":
{"browserName":
"chrome",
"platformName": "any",
"goog:chromeOptions":
{"extensions": [], "args": []}}},
"desiredCapabilities":
{"browserName":
"chrome",
"version": "",
"platform": "ANY",
"goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [],
"args": []}}}
# 发送求清
response_session = requests.post(driver_url, json = driver_value)
print(response_session.json())
# 访问我的博客的请求地址 （这个地址是我们上面记录的地址）
url = ‘http://localhost:9515/session/‘+response_session.json()[‘sessionId‘]+‘/url‘
# 访问我的博客的请求参数
value = {"url": "https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/", "sessionId": response_session.json()[‘sessionId‘]}
response_blog = requests.post(url = url,json = value)
print(response_blog.json())
执行结果
{‘sessionId‘: ‘25144efef880dcce53e4e6f60c342e9d‘, ‘status‘: 0, ‘value‘:
{‘acceptInsecureCerts‘: False, ‘acceptSslCerts‘: False, ‘applicationCacheEnabled‘: False,
‘browserConnectionEnabled‘: False, ‘browserName‘: ‘chrome‘, ‘chrome‘:
{‘chromedriverVersion‘: ‘2.39.562718 (9a2698cba08cf5a471a29d30c8b3e12becabb0e9)‘,
‘userDataDir‘: ‘C:\\Users\\v-xug\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\scoped_dir9944_25238‘},
‘cssSelectorsEnabled‘: True, ‘databaseEnabled‘: False, ‘handlesAlerts‘: True,
‘hasTouchScreen‘: False, ‘javascriptEnabled‘: True, ‘locationContextEnabled‘: True,
‘mobileEmulationEnabled‘: False, ‘nativeEvents‘: True, ‘networkConnectionEnabled‘: False,
‘pageLoadStrategy‘: ‘normal‘, ‘platform‘: ‘Windows NT‘, ‘rotatable‘: False, ‘setWindowRect‘: True,
‘takesHeapSnapshot‘: True, ‘takesScreenshot‘: True, ‘unexpectedAlertBehaviour‘: ‘‘, ‘version‘: ‘75.0.3770.100‘, ‘webStorageEnabled‘: True}}
{‘sessionId‘: ‘25144efef880dcce53e4e6f60c342e9d‘, ‘status‘: 0, ‘value‘: None}
Process finished with exit code 0
上面的返回信息中最重要的信息是‘sessionId‘: ‘25144efef880dcce53e4e6f60c342e9d‘，从代码中你也可以看到访问我的博客地址的url是使用这个参数拼接的，因为打开浏览器后，后面所有的操作都是基于这个sessionid的
你还会看到Chrome浏览器被打开，且打开了我的博客地址https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/，这就是selenium原理的一个过程了
最后
前面的代码你看不懂，也没关系，我们再来叙述一下selenium工作的过程
1.selenium client(python等语言编写的自动化测试脚本)初始化一个service服务，通过Webdriver启动浏览器驱动程序chromedriver.exe
2.通过RemoteWebDriver向浏览器驱动程序发送HTTP请求，浏览器驱动程序解析请求，打开浏览器，并获得sessionid，如果再次对浏览器操作需携带此id
3.打开浏览器，绑定特定的端口，把启动后的浏览器作为webdriver的remote server
3.打开浏览器后，所有的selenium的操作(访问地址，查找元素等)均通过RemoteConnection链接到remote server，然后使用execute方法调用_request方法通过urlib3向remote server发送请求
4.浏览器通过请求的内容执行对应动作
5.浏览器再把执行的动作结果通过浏览器驱动程序返回给测试脚本
这篇文章我写了几乎一天的时间，过程也没那么好理解，可能我自己理解的也不是那么准确，如果你觉得哪里有问题一定联系我修改，我不想对看到这篇文章的人产生错误的理解，那我就罪大了。
虽然用了很久的selenium 但是要细说他的工作原理还是感觉有点词穷，可能就是理解的不透彻吧！
"""
------------------------------------
@Time : 2019/6/29 8:16
@Auth : linux超
@File : seleniumWebdriver.py
@IDE : PyCharm
@Motto: Real warriors,dare to face the bleak warning,dare to face the incisive error!
@QQ : [email protected]
@GROUP: 878565760
------------------------------------
"""
from selenium import webdriver
dr = webdriver.Chrome() # 打开浏览器
1 class WebDriver(RemoteWebDriver):
2 """
3 Controls the ChromeDriver and allows you to drive the browser.
4
5 You will need to download the ChromeDriver executable from
6 http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html
7 """
8
9 def __init__(self, executable_path="chromedriver", port=0,
10 options=None, service_args=None,
11 desired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None,
12 chrome_options=None, keep_alive=True):
13 """
14 Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.
15
16 Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.
17
18 :Args:
19 - executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is in the $PATH
20 - port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
21 - options - this takes an instance of ChromeOptions
22 - service_args - List of args to pass to the driver service
23 - desired_capabilities - Dictionary object with non-browser specific
24 capabilities only, such as "proxy" or "loggingPref".
25 - service_log_path - Where to log information from the driver.
26 - chrome_options - Deprecated argument for options
27 - keep_alive - Whether to configure ChromeRemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive.
28 """
29 if chrome_options:
30 warnings.warn(‘use options instead of chrome_options‘,
31 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
32 options = chrome_options
33
34 if options is None:
35 # desired_capabilities stays as passed in
36 if desired_capabilities is None:
37 desired_capabilities = self.create_options().to_capabilities()
38 else:
39 if desired_capabilities is None:
40 desired_capabilities = options.to_capabilities()
41 else:
42 desired_capabilities.update(options.to_capabilities())
43
44 self.service = Service(
45 executable_path,
46 port=port,
47 service_args=service_args,
48 log_path=service_log_path)
49 self.service.start()
50
51 try:
52 RemoteWebDriver.__init__(
53 self,
54 command_executor=ChromeRemoteConnection(
55 remote_server_addr=self.service.service_url,
56 keep_alive=keep_alive),
57 desired_capabilities=desired_capabilities)
58 except Exception:
59 self.quit()
60 raise
61 self._is_remote = False
1 def start(self):
2 """
3 Starts the Service.
4
5 :Exceptions:
6 - WebDriverException : Raised either when it can‘t start the service
7 or when it can‘t connect to the service
8 """
9 try:
10 cmd = [self.path]
11 cmd.extend(self.command_line_args())
12 self.process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, env=self.env,
13 close_fds=platform.system() != ‘Windows‘,
14 stdout=self.log_file,
15 stderr=self.log_file,
16 stdin=PIPE)
17 except TypeError:
18 raise
19 except OSError as err:
20 if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
21 raise WebDriverException(
22 "‘%s‘ executable needs to be in PATH. %s" % (
23 os.path.basename(self.path), self.start_error_message)
24 )
25 elif err.errno == errno.EACCES:
26 raise WebDriverException(
27 "‘%s‘ executable may have wrong permissions. %s" % (
28 os.path.basename(self.path), self.start_error_message)
29 )
30 else:
31 raise
32 except Exception as e:
33 raise WebDriverException(
34 "The executable %s needs to be available in the path. %s\n%s" %
35 (os.path.basename(self.path), self.start_error_message, str(e)))
36 count = 0
37 while True:
38 self.assert_process_still_running()
39 if self.is_connectable():
40 break
41 count += 1
42 time.sleep(1)
43 if count == 30:
44 raise WebDriverException("Can not connect to the Service %s" % self.path)
1 class WebDriver(object):
2 """
3 Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server.
4 This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol
5 as defined at
6 https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
7
8 :Attributes:
9 - session_id - String ID of the browser session started and controlled by this WebDriver.
10 - capabilities - Dictionaty of effective capabilities of this browser session as returned
11 by the remote server. See https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/DesiredCapabilities
12 - command_executor - remote_connection.RemoteConnection object used to execute commands.
13 - error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to handle errors.
14 """
15
16 _web_element_cls = WebElement
17
18 def __init__(self, command_executor=‘http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub‘,
19 desired_capabilities=None, browser_profile=None, proxy=None,
20 keep_alive=False, file_detector=None, options=None):
21 """
22 Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
23
24 :Args:
25 - command_executor - Either a string representing URL of the remote server or a custom
26 remote_connection.RemoteConnection object. Defaults to ‘http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub‘.
27 - desired_capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities to request when
28 starting the browser session. Required parameter.
29 - browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object.
30 Only used if Firefox is requested. Optional.
31 - proxy - A selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy object. The browser session will
32 be started with given proxy settings, if possible. Optional.
33 - keep_alive - Whether to configure remote_connection.RemoteConnection to use
34 HTTP keep-alive. Defaults to False.
35 - file_detector - Pass custom file detector object during instantiation. If None,
36 then default LocalFileDetector() will be used.
37 - options - instance of a driver options.Options class
38 """
39 capabilities = {}
40 if options is not None:
41 capabilities = options.to_capabilities()
42 if desired_capabilities is not None:
43 if not isinstance(desired_capabilities, dict):
44 raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities must be a dictionary")
45 else:
46 capabilities.update(desired_capabilities)
47 if proxy is not None:
48 warnings.warn("Please use FirefoxOptions to set proxy",
49 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
50 proxy.add_to_capabilities(capabilities)
51 self.command_executor = command_executor
52 if type(self.command_executor) is bytes or isinstance(self.command_executor, str):
53 self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor, keep_alive=keep_alive)
54 self._is_remote = True
55 self.session_id = None
56 self.capabilities = {}
57 self.error_handler = ErrorHandler()
58 self.start_client()
59 if browser_profile is not None:
60 warnings.warn("Please use FirefoxOptions to set browser profile",
61 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
62 self.start_session(capabilities, browser_profile)
63 self._switch_to = SwitchTo(self)
64 self._mobile = Mobile(self)
65 self.file_detector = file_detector or LocalFileDetector()
1 def start_session(self, capabilities, browser_profile=None):
2 """
3 Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
4
5 :Args:
6 - browser_name - The name of the browser to request.
7 - version - Which browser version to request.
8 - platform - Which platform to request the browser on.
9 - javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
10 - browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested.
11 """
12 if not isinstance(capabilities, dict):
13 raise InvalidArgumentException("Capabilities must be a dictionary")
14 if browser_profile:
15 if "moz:firefoxOptions" in capabilities:
16 capabilities["moz:firefoxOptions"]["profile"] = browser_profile.encoded
17 else:
18 capabilities.update({‘firefox_profile‘: browser_profile.encoded})
19 w3c_caps = _make_w3c_caps(capabilities)
20 parameters = {"capabilities": w3c_caps,
21 "desiredCapabilities": capabilities}
22 response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, parameters)
23 if ‘sessionId‘ not in response:
24 response = response[‘value‘]
25 self.session_id = response[‘sessionId‘]
26 self.capabilities = response.get(‘value‘)
27
28 # if capabilities is none we are probably speaking to
29 # a W3C endpoint
30 if self.capabilities is None:
31 self.capabilities = response.get(‘capabilities‘)
32
33 # Double check to see if we have a W3C Compliant browser
34 self.w3c = response.get(‘status‘) is None
35 self.command_executor.w3c = self.w3c
51 try:
52 RemoteWebDriver.__init__(
53 self,
54 command_executor=ChromeRemoteConnection(
55 remote_server_addr=self.service.service_url,
56 keep_alive=keep_alive),
57 desired_capabilities=desired_capabilities)
1 from selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection import RemoteConnection
2
3
4 class ChromeRemoteConnection(RemoteConnection):
5
6 def __init__(self, remote_server_addr, keep_alive=True):
7 RemoteConnection.__init__(self, remote_server_addr, keep_alive)
8 self._commands["launchApp"] = (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/chromium/launch_app‘)
9 self._commands["setNetworkConditions"] = (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/chromium/network_conditions‘)
10 self._commands["getNetworkConditions"] = (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/chromium/network_conditions‘)
11 self._commands[‘executeCdpCommand‘] = (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/goog/cdp/execute‘)
1 self._commands = {
2 Command.STATUS: (‘GET‘, ‘/status‘),
3 Command.NEW_SESSION: (‘POST‘, ‘/session‘),
4 Command.GET_ALL_SESSIONS: (‘GET‘, ‘/sessions‘),
5 Command.QUIT: (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId‘),
6 Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
7 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window_handle‘),
8 Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
9 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window‘),
10 Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
11 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window_handles‘),
12 Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
13 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/handles‘),
14 Command.GET: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/url‘),
15 Command.GO_FORWARD: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/forward‘),
16 Command.GO_BACK: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/back‘),
17 Command.REFRESH: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/refresh‘),
18 Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute‘),
19 Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT:
20 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute/sync‘),
21 Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC:
22 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute/async‘),
23 Command.GET_CURRENT_URL: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/url‘),
24 Command.GET_TITLE: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/title‘),
25 Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/source‘),
26 Command.SCREENSHOT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/screenshot‘),
27 Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/screenshot‘),
28 Command.FIND_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element‘),
29 Command.FIND_ELEMENTS: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/elements‘),
30 Command.W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/active‘),
31 Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT:
32 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/active‘),
33 Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT:
34 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/element‘),
35 Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS:
36 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/elements‘),
37 Command.CLICK_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/click‘),
38 Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/clear‘),
39 Command.SUBMIT_ELEMENT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/submit‘),
40 Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/text‘),
41 Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT:
42 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value‘),
43 Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ACTIVE_ELEMENT:
44 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/keys‘),
45 Command.UPLOAD_FILE: (‘POST‘, "/session/$sessionId/file"),
46 Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE:
47 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value‘),
48 Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME:
49 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/name‘),
50 Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
51 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected‘),
52 Command.SET_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
53 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected‘),
54 Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED:
55 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/enabled‘),
56 Command.IS_ELEMENT_DISPLAYED:
57 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/displayed‘),
58 Command.GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION:
59 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location‘),
60 Command.GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION_ONCE_SCROLLED_INTO_VIEW:
61 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location_in_view‘),
62 Command.GET_ELEMENT_SIZE:
63 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/size‘),
64 Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT:
65 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/rect‘),
66 Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE:
67 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/attribute/$name‘),
68 Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY:
69 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/property/$name‘),
70 Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie‘),
71 Command.ADD_COOKIE: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie‘),
72 Command.GET_COOKIE: (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name‘),
73 Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES:
74 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie‘),
75 Command.DELETE_COOKIE:
76 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name‘),
77 Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/frame‘),
78 Command.SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/frame/parent‘),
79 Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window‘),
80 Command.CLOSE: (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window‘),
81 Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY:
82 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/element/$id/css/$propertyName‘),
83 Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT:
84 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/timeouts/implicit_wait‘),
85 Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT: (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute_async‘),
86 Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT:
87 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/timeouts/async_script‘),
88 Command.SET_TIMEOUTS:
89 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/timeouts‘),
90 Command.DISMISS_ALERT:
91 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/dismiss_alert‘),
92 Command.W3C_DISMISS_ALERT:
93 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/dismiss‘),
94 Command.ACCEPT_ALERT:
95 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/accept_alert‘),
96 Command.W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT:
97 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/accept‘),
98 Command.SET_ALERT_VALUE:
99 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert_text‘),
100 Command.W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE:
101 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/text‘),
102 Command.GET_ALERT_TEXT:
103 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert_text‘),
104 Command.W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT:
105 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/text‘),
106 Command.SET_ALERT_CREDENTIALS:
107 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/alert/credentials‘),
108 Command.CLICK:
109 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/click‘),
110 Command.W3C_ACTIONS:
111 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/actions‘),
112 Command.W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS:
113 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/actions‘),
114 Command.DOUBLE_CLICK:
115 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/doubleclick‘),
116 Command.MOUSE_DOWN:
117 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/buttondown‘),
118 Command.MOUSE_UP:
119 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/buttonup‘),
120 Command.MOVE_TO:
121 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/moveto‘),
122 Command.GET_WINDOW_SIZE:
123 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/size‘),
124 Command.SET_WINDOW_SIZE:
125 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/size‘),
126 Command.GET_WINDOW_POSITION:
127 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/position‘),
128 Command.SET_WINDOW_POSITION:
129 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/position‘),
130 Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT:
131 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/rect‘),
132 Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT:
133 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/rect‘),
134 Command.MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
135 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/maximize‘),
136 Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
137 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/maximize‘),
138 Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
139 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/orientation‘),
140 Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
141 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/orientation‘),
142 Command.SINGLE_TAP:
143 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/click‘),
144 Command.TOUCH_DOWN:
145 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/down‘),
146 Command.TOUCH_UP:
147 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/up‘),
148 Command.TOUCH_MOVE:
149 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/move‘),
150 Command.TOUCH_SCROLL:
151 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/scroll‘),
152 Command.DOUBLE_TAP:
153 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/doubleclick‘),
154 Command.LONG_PRESS:
155 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/longclick‘),
156 Command.FLICK:
157 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/touch/flick‘),
158 Command.EXECUTE_SQL:
159 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/execute_sql‘),
160 Command.GET_LOCATION:
161 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/location‘),
162 Command.SET_LOCATION:
163 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/location‘),
164 Command.GET_APP_CACHE:
165 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/application_cache‘),
166 Command.GET_APP_CACHE_STATUS:
167 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/application_cache/status‘),
168 Command.CLEAR_APP_CACHE:
169 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/application_cache/clear‘),
170 Command.GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
171 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/network_connection‘),
172 Command.SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
173 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/network_connection‘),
174 Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
175 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage/key/$key‘),
176 Command.REMOVE_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
177 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage/key/$key‘),
178 Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEYS:
179 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage‘),
180 Command.SET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
181 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage‘),
182 Command.CLEAR_LOCAL_STORAGE:
183 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage‘),
184 Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_SIZE:
185 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/local_storage/size‘),
186 Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
187 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage/key/$key‘),
188 Command.REMOVE_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
189 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage/key/$key‘),
190 Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_KEYS:
191 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage‘),
192 Command.SET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
193 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage‘),
194 Command.CLEAR_SESSION_STORAGE:
195 (‘DELETE‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage‘),
196 Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_SIZE:
197 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/session_storage/size‘),
198 Command.GET_LOG:
199 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/log‘),
200 Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES:
201 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/log/types‘),
202 Command.CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE:
203 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/context‘),
204 Command.CONTEXT_HANDLES:
205 (‘GET‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/contexts‘),
206 Command.SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT:
207 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/context‘),
208 Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW:
209 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/fullscreen‘),
210 Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW:
211 (‘POST‘, ‘/session/$sessionId/window/minimize‘)
212 }
1 def execute(self, command, params):
2 """
3 Send a command to the remote server.
4
5 Any path subtitutions required for the URL mapped to the command should be
6 included in the command parameters.
7
8 :Args:
9 - command - A string specifying the command to execute.
10 - params - A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command as
11 its JSON payload.
12 """
13 command_info = self._commands[command]
14 assert command_info is not None, ‘Unrecognised command %s‘ % command
15 path = string.Template(command_info[1]).substitute(params)
16 if hasattr(self, ‘w3c‘) and self.w3c and isinstance(params, dict) and ‘sessionId‘ in params:
17 del params[‘sessionId‘]
18 data = utils.dump_json(params)
19 url = ‘%s%s‘ % (self._url, path)
20 return self._request(command_info[0], url, body=data)
21
22 def _request(self, method, url, body=None):
23 """
24 Send an HTTP request to the remote server.
25
26 :Args:
27 - method - A string for the HTTP method to send the request with.
28 - url - A string for the URL to send the request to.
29 - body - A string for request body. Ignored unless method is POST or PUT.
30
31 :Returns:
32 A dictionary with the server‘s parsed JSON response.
33 """
34 LOGGER.debug(‘%s %s %s‘ % (method, url, body))
35
36 parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
37 headers = self.get_remote_connection_headers(parsed_url, self.keep_alive)
38 resp = None
39 if body and method != ‘POST‘ and method != ‘PUT‘:
40 body = None
41
42 if self.keep_alive:
43 resp = self._conn.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
44
45 statuscode = resp.status
46 else:
47 http = urllib3.PoolManager(timeout=self._timeout)
48 resp = http.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
49
50 statuscode = resp.status
51 if not hasattr(resp, ‘getheader‘):
52 if hasattr(resp.headers, ‘getheader‘):
53 resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.getheader(x)
54 elif hasattr(resp.headers, ‘get‘):
55 resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.get(x)
56
57 data = resp.data.decode(‘UTF-8‘)
58 try:
59 if 300 <= statuscode < 304:
60 return self._request(‘GET‘, resp.getheader(‘location‘))
61 if 399 < statuscode <= 500:
62 return {‘status‘: statuscode, ‘value‘: data}
63 content_type = []
64 if resp.getheader(‘Content-Type‘) is not None:
65 content_type = resp.getheader(‘Content-Type‘).split(‘;‘)
66 if not any([x.startswith(‘image/png‘) for x in content_type]):
67
68 try:
69 data = utils.load_json(data.strip())
70 except ValueError:
71 if 199 < statuscode < 300:
72 status = ErrorCode.SUCCESS
73 else:
74 status = ErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR
75 return {‘status‘: status, ‘value‘: data.strip()}
76
77 # Some of the drivers incorrectly return a response
78 # with no ‘value‘ field when they should return null.
79 if ‘value‘ not in data:
80 data[‘value‘] = None
81 return data
82 else:
83 data = {‘status‘: 0, ‘value‘: data}
84 return data
85 finally:
86 LOGGER.debug("Finished Request")
87 resp.close()
"""
------------------------------------
@Time : 2019/6/29 9:16
@Auth : linux超
@File : seleniumWebdriver.py
@IDE : PyCharm
@Motto: Real warriors,dare to face the bleak warning,dare to face the incisive error!
@QQ : [email protected]
@GROUP: 878565760
------------------------------------
"""
from selenium import webdriver
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG) # 打印源码中的日志
dr = webdriver.Chrome() # 打开浏览器
driver.get("https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/") # 访问我的博客首页
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:POST http://127.0.0.1:55695/session
{"capabilities": {"firstMatch": [{}], "alwaysMatch": {"browserName": "chrome", "platformName": "any", "goog:chromeOptions":
{"extensions": [], "args": []}}}, "desiredCapabilities": {"browserName": "chrome", "version": "", "platform": "ANY",
"goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [], "args": []}}}
DEBUG:urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTP connection (1): 127.0.0.1
DEBUG:urllib3.connectionpool:http://127.0.0.1:55695 "POST /session HTTP/1.1" 200 830
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:Finished Request
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:POST http://127.0.0.1:51006/session/09d52393b7dfcb45b8bb9101885ce206/url
{"url": "https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/", "sessionId": "09d52393b7dfcb45b8bb9101885ce206"}
DEBUG:urllib3.connectionpool:http://127.0.0.1:51006 "POST /session/09d52393b7dfcb45b8bb9101885ce206/url HTTP/1.1" 200 72
DEBUG:selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection:Finished Request
Process finished with exit code 0
"""
------------------------------------
@Time : 2019/6/28 8:52
@Auth : linux超
@File : test.py
@IDE : PyCharm
@Motto: Real warriors,dare to face the bleak warning,dare to face the incisive error!
@QQ : [email protected]
@GROUP: 878565760
------------------------------------
"""
import requests
# 请求地址(打开浏览器)
driver_url = ‘http://localhost:9515/session‘
# 打开浏览器的请求参数
driver_value = {"capabilities":
{"firstMatch": [{}],
"alwaysMatch":
{"browserName":
"chrome",
"platformName": "any",
"goog:chromeOptions":
{"extensions": [], "args": []}}},
"desiredCapabilities":
{"browserName":
"chrome",
"version": "",
"platform": "ANY",
"goog:chromeOptions": {"extensions": [],
"args": []}}}
# 发送求清
response_session = requests.post(driver_url, json = driver_value)
print(response_session.json())
# 访问我的博客的请求地址 （这个地址是我们上面记录的地址）
url = ‘http://localhost:9515/session/‘+response_session.json()[‘sessionId‘]+‘/url‘
# 访问我的博客的请求参数
value = {"url": "https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/", "sessionId": response_session.json()[‘sessionId‘]}
response_blog = requests.post(url = url,json = value)
print(response_blog.json())
{‘sessionId‘: ‘25144efef880dcce53e4e6f60c342e9d‘, ‘status‘: 0, ‘value‘:
{‘acceptInsecureCerts‘: False, ‘acceptSslCerts‘: False, ‘applicationCacheEnabled‘: False,
‘browserConnectionEnabled‘: False, ‘browserName‘: ‘chrome‘, ‘chrome‘:
{‘chromedriverVersion‘: ‘2.39.562718 (9a2698cba08cf5a471a29d30c8b3e12becabb0e9)‘,
‘userDataDir‘: ‘C:\\Users\\v-xug\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\scoped_dir9944_25238‘},
‘cssSelectorsEnabled‘: True, ‘databaseEnabled‘: False, ‘handlesAlerts‘: True,
‘hasTouchScreen‘: False, ‘javascriptEnabled‘: True, ‘locationContextEnabled‘: True,
‘mobileEmulationEnabled‘: False, ‘nativeEvents‘: True, ‘networkConnectionEnabled‘: False,
‘pageLoadStrategy‘: ‘normal‘, ‘platform‘: ‘Windows NT‘, ‘rotatable‘: False, ‘setWindowRect‘: True,
‘takesHeapSnapshot‘: True, ‘takesScreenshot‘: True, ‘unexpectedAlertBehaviour‘: ‘‘, ‘version‘: ‘75.0.3770.100‘, ‘webStorageEnabled‘: True}}
{‘sessionId‘: ‘25144efef880dcce53e4e6f60c342e9d‘, ‘status‘: 0, ‘value‘: None}
Process finished with exit code 0